Australian Law and Native Title

Australian Law and Native Title Introduction Long before British colony established in Australia, that is, before 1788, the Aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders settled in Australia as indigenous people. As usual, the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander had their own customs and laws governing them besides, speaking a unique language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Law and Native Title specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interestingly, these laws and customs went in tandem with brawny and firm spiritual connections, with an aim of forming an indigenous country. For example, these traditional customs and laws composed diverse activities like performing ceremonials and rituals, where men could go hunting and fishing and on the other hand, women could gather food. Additionally, the laws and customs mandated provision of education and knowledge to children through storytelling, artwork, songs and dances. Furthermore, thes e laws and customs became a platform of environmental conservation for future generations. Therefore, these laws and customs provided equality to all members of the society irrespective of the social class. However, after 1788, the story was never the same as the British colony alleged its own sovereignty in Australia. In essence, the British administration claimed colonial mastery and administration over Australian residents. (National Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 1-7). Background History: Advent of Inequality The main cause of Australian law inequality was the British colonisers. These colonisers enacted laws that segregated some communities from the rest. On gaining independence, some leaders continued to impose these laws. To weaken this structure, communities had to contest in a court of law. By 1788, European powers had spread all over Europe to colonise weak nations- Australia being one of them. Nevertheless, it was not an easy task, as these power blocks in Europe had to deploy some tactics in case; indigenous territories resisted any form of colonialism. The first mode applied by these western powers was to conquer by conquest. At this instant, colonial masters had to seek mandate to colonise a nation by negotiating for certain reparations. If this system failed, the colonial masters applied another method. This time round, they could apply stringent measures in order to force indigenous population succumb to their demands. An example of this is what happened in Fiji during the colonial period. Some compensations and reparation could follow. Lastly, the third system involved declaration of land as terra nullius. This means, colonial masters considered land unsafe for human inhabitation hence; no need to negotiate any form of compensations of reparations to indigenous populace (a lie).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any of the three system s asserted negative consequences to indigenous population. As a result, many people suffered most. Some of them became landless and subjected to hard labour. Inequality dominated the talk of the day even as colonial masters killed stubborn indigenes. (Gary, 1997, Para. 5-6). The Aboriginal people of Australia had a well-structured system of governance. Their laws provided a platform of equality among all members. The laws and customs soldiered solidarity among Aboriginals before the First Feet of British colonisers arrived. The laws acted as foundation blocks whose realignment will see the relationship among Aboriginals crumple. Furthermore, the solidarity of Aboriginal population, plus their laws and customs, did not prevent British colonisers from building their own empire over the sovereignty enjoyed in Australian continent. The British colonisers declared Australian land terra nullius. This is because; the British colonisers did not want to negotiate with indigenous population o ver the issue of compensation. Instead, they opted to declare land terra nullius so that, they could evade any form of reparation or compensation exclusive of reference to indigenous rights. Some historians depict that, had these British colonisers recognized how important Aboriginal laws were, they could have spared Aboriginal sovereignty and instead, discuss and negotiate with indigenous population in order to award compensation or reparation to the lost land. (Fry, 1947, pp. 158-168). Deceitfully and deliberately, in 1889, the British colonisers ignored Aboriginal laws and customs, which gave Australian inhabitants fundamental rights and as a substitute, they declared British dominion based on terra nullius. Captivatingly, British officials applied terra nullius through lying to Australian inhabitants. This lie turned into a myth lasting over 200 years. Additionally, the myth shattered the Aboriginal laws and customs and eventually brought devastating moments among Islanders and Aboriginal people in Australia. The Koori people knew this to be a lie just as it came out to be. The British colonisers administered Australia under Terra nullius laws. Even after their withdrawal, Terra nullius dominated indigenous population in Australia until 1992. (Bird, 1988. pp. 4-32).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Law and Native Title specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, there came a period in 1992, when Aboriginal people in Australia demanded justice. The law had proved futile and horrible. Indigenous people tired of terra nullius lies sought legal redress. Finally, one person named Mabo, filed suit to nullify terra nullius. Luckily, the High Court in Australia decided to illegalise terra nullius hence, liberating Aboriginals and Islanders of Strait. Fascinatingly, in Australian High Court, the Mabo case had taken a different perspective where, the national emphasis of Aboriginal stru ggle of rights previously deemed political made a quick shift into legal battle to voice out the demands of Aboriginal populations. The intense and successful political tussle lasting for five decades transformed into above-board configuration where astronomically priced law experts and Barristers fought mercy on the part of Aboriginal people. Together, these people fought to retain their ancestral land, which the British colonisers typified to their own sovereignty. Even today, the struggle continues. All manner disadvantages falls on the Aboriginal people as they struggle to retain the forgone justice. The struggle for liberation among Aboriginal population started in 1930 and continued to 1980s. They had formed a political movement aimed at reclaiming their land. All this time, Aboriginal Court cases dominated Australian Courts. Consequently, in 1993, there came a parliamentary legislation, Native Title Act, which brought equality in Australian legal system. In fact, most inhabit ants in Australia including indigenous ones illiterate in law, now have an idea on the Mabo decision as a product of the Native Title Act of 1993. The Act brought some light on legal matters and most importantly, the Aboriginal people received justice though the liberation continues. (Berndt, 1992, pp. 12-48). Native Title Under Australian law, a Native Title is a legal documentation, which provides Australian indigenous persons certain privileges and interests. In most cases, the Native Title provides policies that see people own and use land according to their traditional practices, that is, societal customs and laws. Additionally, the Title recognises and awards legal land interests to indigenous Australian citizens having survived and acquired accreditation from Queen Victoria in 1901.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under normal instances, Native Title resembles non-Indigenous property rights that allow people classified as indigenous, to exercise native rights on their traditional land. Apparently, the system allows land fragmentation at the expense of indigenous groups. Sometimes, the Native Title and non-indigenous laws behaves like two-tier systems, which recognises single national, geographical and jurisdictional environment in the application of Australian law. Thus, the Native Title is a customary law recognised by all Australians as customary Aboriginal law. In order to be effective, indigenous people’s rights and interests must depend on traditional customs and laws whose foundation rests on the group’s collective responsibility. The Native Title submits to individual or collective rights. Since 1992, Australian law identifies all interests and rights held by indigenous population. In particular, the Native Title became a custom will and at the same time, traditional law in order to bring equality and justice before the law. There are numerous rights, privileges and civil liberties gained because of enacting the native title into Australian law. Previously, these privileges consummating into rights did not exist. However, the native title awakened the dissemination of various time-honoured laws and customs, brought forth an idea of guarding and touring specific sceneries, ensured equality to all on the side of owning land, allowed accessibility to restricted areas so that, people can exploit traditional ritual and ceremonies. The Title gave all Australian citizens the right to own and occupy land albeit controlled places. (Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 12-21). Mabo versus Queensland (1992) In 1990s, the Australian parliament made a move to negotiate a treaty with indigenous people who had suffered because of terra nullius. Although indigenous people in Australia did not have a representative in parliament, the feasibility of the matter said a l ot. The realignment of indigenous population in Australia preconditioned equality, which many Australian viewed as a political dispensation between people hence, social cohesion in Australia. Indeed, the influx of the Native Title in 1990 marked a step towards Australian legal equality. In the High Court of Australia, Mabo case challenged Australian authority whether; all-inclusive negotiations were paramount in overthrowing terra nullius in order to embrace indigenous governance recognised under Australian law. Most importantly, comprehensive negotiations had reached a sorry state both in practice and in principle. Verily, the Mabo case exuded legal injunctions other than property ownership in Australia. This is because; the Aboriginal population as an indigenous group, exercised an excellent internal jurisdiction, which defined individual rights and freedoms. Furthermore, the Native Title recognised any group that had internal traditional laws and customs jurisdiction. Such a grou p had the right to enter biding with the government over its indigenous resources and territory. (Jupp Nieuwenhuysen, 2007 p. 65). The Genesis of Equality in Australian Law In 1992, Australia entered a new era where equality dooms. In particular, the High Court of Australia brought some light in Australian law. The Meriam people had gone to court in order to secure rights of owning land in the Islands of Torres Strait. Luckily, the common law in Australia recognised such cases to receive hearing under the Native Title, which composed of traditional laws and customs. As a result, the Aboriginals lost land, language and left homeless. Interestingly, the federal government of Australia continued these policies, which undermined Aboriginal people. In the event, the High Court discarded the British impression of terra nullius (a situation where land does not belong to anybody). This notion had created inequality in large scale as the Australian citizenry except indigenous populace owned land. Therefore, the outcome of Mabo case gave individuals, righty to own property. Basing its argument on Native Title, the High Court declared that, individuals or communities could own land according to traditional laws and customs. This was to happen irrespective of inequitable laws created by Crown. Additionally, the High Court declared that, individuals and communities had the right to not only access and use land, but also possess it legally. (Department of Foreign Affairs, 2010, Para. 4-11). The law did bring equality replacing past injustices in Australian law. For example, the Mabo case highlighted two themes. The first one is, colonial boundaries preventing people from owning land, were a perjury to Aboriginal people. Secondly, terra nullius being a colonial sentiment is itself inequality and its abolition meant equality and new principals guiding land ownership in Australia. The law brought justice in land ownership. The federal government’s land tenure system to the aboriginal people seemed part of segregation. However, the advent of native title ensured the aboriginal people own land in Australia. Colonial masters and hence the federal government, caused material injury to Aboriginal people. In addition, they lost traditional rights, language and forced out of land. The law brought equality in that, like other Australian citizens, the Court ruled on their side to receive traditional rights. Moreover, in terms of economic gains, the Aboriginal people like indigenous Australians, participated in income generating activities like mining and doing business. On the other hand, the federal government sent money to remote areas to undertake communal projects. In the past, racism, social amenities, education, employment and housing were invisible truths among Aboriginal people. The law brought equality through mainstreaming where; the federal government adhered to Aboriginal policy and completed various programs for the benefit of the Aboriginal people. Socio-economically, the Aboriginals are almost at the same level with other indigenous Australians. Equality in the Context of Native Title The Native Title did bring equality in Australian legal equality. The fundamental rights and interests gained from the Native Title root from traditional laws and customs initially, destroyed by British sovereignty. In addition, Native Title rights do not resemble government rights like Aboriginal Land Rights Act of 1976 (Northern Territory), or any other statutory land rights. Nonetheless, the Native Title rights extend its rights and interests even to water bodies, a scenario not exhibited under government laws. By this, the Native Title establishes just land acquisition in tandem with traditional laws and customs. The parliamentary legislation of 1993, Native Title Act, reaffirmed the recognition of native title, as the foundation of egalitarianism and justice. Native Title applies heavily in the legal system of Australia to promote e quality. For example, customary law recognises traditional laws and customs, which sire rights and interests of certain indigenous Australians. Additionally, the Native Title ensures that, communities and individuals own access land and water notwithstanding, traditional laws and customs. The fact that, the legal system in Australia recognises native title under customary law is a step towards equality and justice before law. This means, individuals or communities denied land either from dubious operations like terra nullius; can contest in a court of law to secure such rights. As a calculated move towards equality, it is the Native Title Act, which determines the groups or communities to receive rights and interests. Nevertheless, this must be in a case where, the native title holds. Additionally, the Act provides a policy framework on how Australian law deals with future activities flout with the native title. In a situation where the law finds native title prejudiced, compensatio n follows immediately. In essence, the native title brings equality in Australian law through fair hearings and compensations if any. (Stephenson Ratnapala, 1993, pp. 13-58). Unlike Australian law, the native title bestows native title rights and interests to indigenous Australians or any person or group that had made claim in a court of law. Grippingly, rather than authoritarianism, the native title allows consultation between all stakeholders in order to have a common solution to a certain problem. For example, through the native title and Australian law, indigenous Australians have effectively negotiated communal land benefits according to their traditional customs and laws. Moreover, the once segregated indigenous population can now access opportunities like employment and birthright fortification, courtesy of the native title. Previously, the government did not recognise land bodies and title certificated held by indigenous people. Consequently, the Native Title Act required pr ofessional land bodies whose main role will be, to ensure equality to all claimants. Overall, some clauses in the native title gave power to the Native Title Tribunal, native title representative bodies and the Australian Federal Court to solve all contentious issues arising from the native title. (Bachelard, 1997. pp. 8-34). Many at times, the government receives blame for its laxity in educating people to understand the Native Title Act. Majority of Australians seem not to understand what Native Title Act means to them. There might be some Australians having land issues but do not know how to solve them yet, the Act allows mutual discussions leading to an amicable solution. Nevertheless, for those who have gained familiarity of the Native Title Act, land interests and reparations are not serious issues to trouble. Even as Australians become acquainted with the provisions of the Native Title Act, it is now clear that, more volunteer Indigenous Land Use Agreements will take preceden t and create a consensual fortitude of dealing with issues arising from native title so that, equality prevails in Australian law. (Yunupingu, 1997, pp. 54- 73). Conclusion Traditional laws and customs were the contentious issue leading to the Mabo case (No.2). These laws and customs formed an Aboriginal perspective different from the normal jurisprudential Australian law concepts. According to Aboriginals, Australian law had to incorporate traditional values, practices, beliefs and rules in form of an ‘aboriginal culture’. The British colonisers brought a lie called terra nullius, which led to erosion of ‘aboriginal culture’. For over two hundred years (1788-1992), the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders owned nothing and lost rights to possess. Captivatingly, since then, Australians lost understanding on traditional laws and customs, which were paramount among indigenous Australian population. In the wake of realisation, indigenous Australians d ecided to fight for their rights and interests. Originally, Australian was a judge-made common law nation; law concept left by British colonisers. Nevertheless, after years of political movement and legal battling, terra nullius laws became invalid. On the other hand, the Native Title Act of 1993 by Australian parliament brought justice and equality to all Australians. Today, million of Australians own property and access rights to acquire, use and occupy land. This is so because; the native title brought equality into Australian common law. References Bachelard, M., 1997.The Great Land Grab: What every Australian should know  about Wik, Mabo and the Ten-point Plan. Melbourne: Hyland House Books. Berndt, M., 1992. The World of the First Australians, Aboriginal Traditional Life:  Past and Present. 5th Ed. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Bird, G., 1988. The Process of Law in Australia: Intercultural Perspective’s. London: Butterworth Publishers. Department of Foreign Af fairs and Trade, 2010. Indigenous land rights and native title. Web. Fry, T., 1947. Land Tenures in Australian Law. 3 Res Judicatae, 156-168. Gary, F., 1997. Native Title is not Land Rights. Web. Jupp, J. Nieuwenhuysen, E., 2007. Social Cohesion in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. National Native Title Tribunal., 2010. History of Native Title. Web. Stephenson, M. Ratnapala S., 1993. Mabo: A Judicial Revolution. Aboriginal  Land Rights Decision and its impact on Australian Law. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. Yunupingu, G., 1997. Our Land is Our Life: Land Rights – Past, Present and Future.  Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.

Example Sentences of the Verb Break

Example Sentences of the Verb Break This page provides example sentences of the verb break in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form break / Past Simple broke / Past Participle broken / Gerund breaking Present Simple Some glass breaks easily. Present Simple Passive This toy is often broken by children. Present Continuous He is breaking into his new job well. Present Continuous Passive The house is being broken into! Call the police! Present Perfect He has broken a number of records in his field. Present Perfect Passive That vase has been broken more than four times. Present Perfect Continuous Mary has been breaking open eggs for more than twenty minutes. Past Simple Jack broke that computer last week. Past Simple Passive That computer was broken last week. Past Continuous She was breaking open the champagne as I walked into the room. Past Continuous Passive The champagne was being broken open as I walked into the room. Past Perfect They had already broken into the house when the occupants arrived. Past Perfect Passive The house had already been broken into when the occupants arrived. Past Perfect Continuous She had been breaking open the eggs for twenty minutes before she began making the cake. Future (will) I think he will break that toy. Future (will) Passive That toy will be broken soon! Future (going to) She is going to break that dish! Be Careful! Future (going to) Passive That dish is going to be broken soon. Future Continuous I will be breaking into a new job this time next week. Future Perfect Your vows will have been broken by the time you read this letter. Future Possibility You might break that glass. Real Conditional If you do that, youll break the toy. Unreal Conditional If she broke the vase, her mother would be very angry. Past Unreal Conditional If she hadnt broken that vase, her mother wouldnt have become so angry. Present Modal You must break this glass to get the fire extinguisher. Past Modal Jack must have broken this vase. Hes so clumsy. Quiz: Conjugate With Break Use the verb to break to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Mary _____ open eggs for more than twenty minutes.That computer ______ by Tom last week.I think he _____ that toy.She _____ open the champagne as I walked into the room.He _____ a number of records in his field.The house _____ into! Call the police!If you do that, you _____ the toy.If she _____ that vase, her mother wouldnt have become so angry.Jack _____ that computer last week.Some glass _____ easily. Quiz Answers has been breakingwas brokenwill breakwas breakinghas brokenis being brokenwill breakhadnt brokenbrokebreaks

Topic below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topic below - Essay Example In the words of Joyce Carol Oates as quoted by Ronald Sharp:† Everyone knows about love. Romantic love, married love, adulterous love: happy love affairs, unhappy ones. Everyone knows about love, no one knows about friendship†. (1) It is interesting to note that loneliness being one of the hallmarks of modern living, many modern great writers and photospheres have not given serious thought to friendship in their writings. Why is friendship such unimportant subject in modern fiction, poetry and essay? Recent writing has largely ignored friendship. In contrast classical writers engaged in open discussion on the subject of friendship and made subtle distinctions on the varieties available and treated also the opposite of friendship, namely enmity, in their writings. Montaigne makes a clear distinction between friendships. In his thinking there are levels of friendships. He uses the technique of contrast to present sharply his idea of true friendship. There are imperfect friendships, which he calls â€Å"fellowships†. Borrowing an image from painting Montaigne labors at length to project the true beauty of friendship, which stands clearly demarked among images of the â€Å"grotesque†. Montaignes famous essay "On Friendship" (1580) is a true source book on the idea of friendship. The essay cites Aristotle, Cicero, Horace, Catullus, and Plutarch. Though the essay concerns about his friendship with a young Huguenot, Estienne de la Boetie, the essay is surprising in its modernity, especially its relevance to contemporary moral issues. Is the argument of Montaigne on friendship in essential accord with Aristotle, or is there something new? According to Aristotle the highest act of friendship is not just the friends themselves, but in their direct relation to truth. We are quick to notice the similarity between the thinking of Aristotle and that of Montaigne.But this similarity we feel is somewhat deceptive. While Montaigne gives the name of

Van gogh starry night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Van gogh starry night - Essay Example Van Gogh was actually on his sick bed in Saint-Remy, France when he did this work and this has led some people to argue that the Starry Night was based on Van Gogh’s observation of the sky over Saint-Remy (Whitney, 1986). If this was the case, Saint-Remy must have been a very beautiful sight to behold during the period that Van Gogh made this intelligent observation as the case may be. But this argument cannot be said to be plausible as the objects in the painting that is involved in the Starry Night suggests a deep sense of creativity. It could be seen from Van Gogh’s Starry Night, that he had a very good knowledge in astronomy as he used his depth of knowledge in the field to give a picturesque view of the night sky. The painting portrays the immensity of the universe through the level of order between the petite town and the vast night sky. The fact that Van Gogh died a year after this great painting indicates that there were many things on the mind of this artist du ring the period that he did the work (Soth, 1986). The complexity in the panting also indicates the complex lifestyle of Van Gogh.

Critique a Research Study Essay Example for Free

Critique a Research Study Essay The nursing research study I chose at the beginning of the semester was Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in an urban USA population. The research article begins with a description of Diabetes, its consequences of the disease process, complications, economic cost, and the public health crisis that is foreseen over the next few decades. Research has shown that improvement of glycosylated hemoglobin concentration (HbA1c) in diabetics can have a significant positive impact on this impending critical condition. The second component of the article evaluates the impact health literacy and patient trust has on controlling and maintaining glycemic control in diabetics. The purpose of this article was to research a â€Å"quantitative study conducted to examine health literacy and patient trust as predictors of glycemic control (Mancuso, 2010)†. I believe the credibility of the research article was trustworthy, based on the research topics evaluated that are known in medicine to be accurate and valid. As a nurse, I am well aware of the impact health literacy and patient trust effect disease process and glycemic control. The research sample size evaluated by the article included one hundred and two participants with diabetes selected from two urban primary care clinics in the United States. Although I believe the sample size could’ve been larger, the final conclusions of health literacy and patient trust showed how important those factors are in influencing glycemic control. According to Polit, the presumed cause is the independent variable, and the presumed effect is the dependent or outcome variable (Polit Beck, 2014, p. 43)†. The Quantitative type of research design used in this study was Non-experimental/Observational study on the effects of health literacy and trust on glycemic control. â€Å"When researchers study the effect of a cause they cannot manipulate, they design correlation studies that examine relationships between variables. Correlation studies can be detected through statistical analysis ((Polit Beck, 2014, p. 159)†. The independent variables consisted of health literacy, patient trust, knowledge of diabetes, performance of self-care activities, and depression. These variables were measured with testing at the beginning of the study that yielded statistical results used to associate between variables. The dependent variable was the Hemoglobin A1c. Often the dependent variable can have multiple causes, which are examined in the article. The study also considered other related factors such as: demographics, socio-economic status, diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, and depression. I would categorize these variables with health literacy and patient trust as independent variables. The variation of factors can have a significant influence on the final outcome of HbA1c. This is the reason that research is essential for diabetes, to determine the influence these factors have on glycemic control. Evidenced-based interventions and approaches to improving glycemic control in the US population will help improve the current health crisis this country is facing, and will continue to face in the decades to come. â€Å"This was a cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes, utilizing several survey instruments and data sources (Mancuso, 2010)†. These 102 participants with diabetes were chosen from two free primary care clinics in the U. S. that met the criteria for the study. Reading comprehension test, scales, and screening through the use of surveys examined the independent variables. Testing for Hemoglobin A1c, a blood test, was conducted every six months to measure glycemic control for research purposes. I believe the design was appropriate because it was particular on the types of participants used for the study and factors that influenced the outcome according to the research article. Regardless of the level of participants, results of the study based its findings on the needs of the diabetic population. One of the strengths I identified early on in the research article was the research design chosen to evaluate glycemic control. The cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes utilized several survey instruments and data sources. The framework of the study helped to assess and predict the relationships between variables. Second, I felt the methods used to gather data was appropriate and beneficial to the research study. The data received was sufficient enough to research and observe. Finally, another strength I identified in the article was its reliability that correlated to Evidenced-Based data that guides clinical practice in nursing today. The final findings of the article support that the data collected and examined would help patient’s outcomes on increasing their glycemic control. Distinct weakness in the research study I identified first was the size of the sample that was chosen. With only one hundred and two participants from two different clinics, I felt that the sample size could have been more effective with larger numbers studied and in more areas of the country. The study also identified the recruited participants were from an uninsured population and identified the groups to have poor glycemic control. I believe the research study should have had a more diverse population of patients that would demonstrate how the US really is. Finally, the research article was evaluating health literacy; I believe that most patients who are illiterate would have been reluctant to participate in the study for fear of judgment and humiliation, thus not portraying the most accurate recruits. Evidenced-Based research is an essential component for the continual evolution of professional nursing practice. Research provides us with a solid foundation to ensure that nursing practice and interventions are based on scientific principles that have been proven to be effective. As professional nurses, we should strive to achieve the best outcomes for our patients. Through nursing research, we can expand our nursing knowledge and development to deliver healthcare based on guided research decision-making. In studying my research article, I believe that the strengths outweighed the weaknesses because the findings did correlate with Evidence-Based practice already known. After critiquing the research article, I support its findings on health literacy and glycemic control; they definitely contribute to Evidence-Based practice that should be implemented in nursing practice. Diabetes is a major health problem in the United States and also a major risk factor for other types of disease processes related to it. Health literacy, the ability to read, comprehend and comply with medical instructions is directly related to improved glycemic control. The research article I have chosen reflect the effects between health literacy and glycemic control in the United States population. Conclusions from the articles emphasize the need to communicate and educate patients effectively with low health literacy. As an emergency room, healthcare teaching plays an important role when discharging patients home with the correct information and education to manage their symptoms and disease processes. This research article applies to my nursing practice by pointing out the need to assess health literacy in-patients sent home or admitted with Diabetes. When we can determine that health literacy impacts glycemic control, we can take measures to help patients maintain their diabetes effectively. By understanding the relationship between education and health care outcomes, nursing can make a significant impact through effectively assessing the needs to provide adequate healthcare teaching. References Mancuso, J. (2010). Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in an urban USA population. Nursing Health Sciences, 12(1), 94-104. doi:10. 1111/j. 1442- 2018. 2009. 00506. x Polit, D. F. , Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health /Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Wireless Sensing and Control of a Dam

Wireless Sensing and Control of a Dam Introduction CE 1.1 I did this project as a graduate Electrical Engineering while pursuing my Bachelor of Engineering in the field of Electrical Engineering from Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Balochistan. I wanted to conduct a project that would envelop wireless sensing and thus wanted to learn about different electrical activities that would be needed and thus learn about its design and how to implement it. I was able to improve my written and oral presentation skills as well as my interpersonal skills by the successful completion of this project. Background CE 1.2 For my final project as an undergraduate in electrical engineering, I wanted to start working on a project in my second year itself. I wanted to learn about the different and commonly used electrical/electronic components, the working mechanism and the implementation in complex projects. This motivated me to conduct a project that could control a mechanism remotely. And thus I got the idea of wireless sensing of a dam. I had studied during my bachelors that sensing in the Oil and Gas industry is becoming very important. I had learned that regular sensing of data is required that are extracted from the process execution, such as Oil Reservoir Tanks need a pressure breathe valve control and level sensing for the proper daily operations of their machinery, Thus, I concurred that in Water Reservoir Dams where regular recording of water level is required for accurate discharging of water through channels. And it is due to this reason that I selected the Wireless Sensing Control of Dam for my project. CE 1.3 The objective of my project is to design a system, which can sense level, and flow rate of a water reservoir dam, it can also control the channel gates wirelessly. CE 1.4 CE 1.5 I successfully completed this project by engaging in the following activities: For the purpose of Level sensing, I used a small tank for the implementation and presentation of the prototype. The maximum height of the tank to be measured is 16 inches and the minimum height is 8 inches. For channel gate controlling, I used a system that contains a solenoid valve which is an electromechanically operated valve for the flow of water to be switched on or off. For wireless control, I equipped the remote stations with sensors as well as a wireless module to send and receive the information. The range of the wireless module is limited to 10m. I equipped the base station with a GUI software that is user-friendly. I then mechanically designed the sensor to operate in all weather conditions. I completed the project within the time frame specified by the university. I conducted detailed literature review on all the components used here. Personal Engineering Activity CE 1.6 I approached a senior professor with an idea of conducting a project with wireless sensing. Along with my group members, I had a lot of brainstorming sessions and review meetings with my project supervisor to select a suitable topic. I suggested that I work on a project that was concerned with designing and manufacturing a system based on wireless sensing and regulating the process of water present in the dam and the supervisor agreed to this and asked us to begin working on this by first conducting a literature review on all the components we would require and the working of this project and to start working on this project. CE 1.7 I used the following components in this project and have explained the reasons why: For level sensing, I equipped my system with MAXBOTIX LV-EZ1 ultrasonic transducer that transmit and receive the ultrasonic radiations that are being reflected back from the surface of the liquid. I selected this model because it is a very low cost sonar ranger; it is also reliable and could be triggered internally or externally. To release water in the channel, I used a solenoid valve which was the only option I had. The microcontroller that I used in the remote station is ATmega16A. I selected this microcontroller because it is a low power 8-bit microcontroller allowing me to optimize power consumption against processing speed. The signal is then transmitted to the RN-41N CLASS 1 Bluetooth module to be transmitted wirelessly. I selected this model because it is cheap and relatively easy to operate. I used a DC power supply of 3-3.6V. The computer interface controller is equipped with MAX232 for serial communication and an internal Bluetooth device which is installed in the laptop for wireless communication. I used the MAX232 circuit because it is a dual driver/receiver and I found that it is valuable for implementing RS-232 in devices that generally dont bother with any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V extend, as power supply design does not need to be made more confused only to drive the RS-232 in this situation. I used the Development board called AVR-P-40 which supports Atmel ATmega16A controller. It is compatible with ICSP 52 pin connector for in-circuit programming. I used ULN 2003 Darlington arrays to withstand peak currents of 600mA. I designed the Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 with C # for user interface. I selected an aquarium shape tank for the project. However, this alternative was very difficult and also had some problems because it was quite complex to put the ultrasonic level sensor inside the tank and calibrate it. Thus, I came across with the development of another mechanical design and observed that there was an apparatus present in the laboratory of the civil engineering department that would work as a prototype of a dam. The working of this prototype would be: The data from the remote station is received by the base station. The base station consists of a wireless Bluetooth receiver and a computer interface controller. The wireless Bluetooth receiver will detect the data coming from the remote station which is treated to the computer interface controller. The computer interface controller will save the data to a flash drive and also to a computer which can be analyzed using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) The data coming from the remote station is detected by the wireless receiver which is treated to the noise filter circuit to eliminate noise from the signal. The data decoder decodes the incoming data and removes any errors from this data. This information is send to the computer interface controller. The remote station is consisting of two major parts: The Main board and wireless controller.ÂÂ   The sensor attached to the main board is Ultrasonic level Sensor. This sensor will relay the information to the main board and is used to control all the sensor information which will be transferred to the wireless controller to send the data wirelessly to the base station. The data from the sensor is directly sent to the microcontroller which is being processed by it to be transmitted in the form of digital bits. The ULN 2003 is connected to drive the solenoid valve which is normally closed. If the Level increases from its threshold level, the solenoid valve will open automatically and releases the pressure. When the pressure drops back to the threshold, the valve will be closed automatically. The power to all the circuit is connected to the +12 volt DC. After the data is sensed by the sensor, it will be transmitted through a wireless transceiver operating at frequency 2400 MHz. The wireless controller consists of transmitter, power amplifier, control signal receiver and data encoder. The data coming from the sensor is treated to the data encoder and sent to the transmitter. The control signal receiver also operates at 2400 MHz which is used to activate the data encoder to send data to the transmitter module. The power amplifier is used to support larger coverage by increasing the transmitting power CE 1.8 The problems I encountered during this project were: I had difficulty with the lengthy procedure to record data which is significant for the project. I offered the idea of installing a dot-matrix printer which will give readings in a hard copy regarding the inflow, discharge and temperature of water. For the project to run effectively, constant data recording was needed, which was a complex task. I came up with a key to solve this issue by recording the data in a flash memory which has the ability to save standard information of the parameters in a soft copy and will be accessible anytime, anywhere. I had problems to check the level of water density in concern with the threshold level. It was quiet a risky task to open the regulator when the density of water is high. In order to resolve this problem, I suggested the management with the system design that will operate the channel gate regulator automatically without labor involvement in order to avoid the risk element. Summary CE 1.9 I successfully completed the project titled Wireless Sensing and Control of a Dam along with my team members. I learned how to wirelessly sense and control a prototype of a dam and studied and learned about all the electrical/electronic equipment that I used in this project. I completed this project by taking the help of the Civil Engineering Laboratory and the technicians in the lab. I was able to improve my written, oral and interpersonal skills.

Parenting Styles in Different Cultures Essay

Parenting style is one of many factors that strongly influence child development. One’s choice of parenting style is most often molded by their cultural background. American parents use a myriad of parenting styles, all of which have their roots in various cultural beliefs about which method is best to raise a child. In 1971, clinical and developmental psychologist, Diana Baumrind, recognized three different categories of parenting styles that she believed described most parents’ methods (Berger, 2011). Parents who fell into the authoritarian style of parenting set high standards and strict rules for their children. Disobedience was not tolerated and was met with harsh consequences, often physical. The authoritarian parent rarely showed affection or concern for their children’s emotional needs. On the other side of the spectrum was a permissive style of parenting that was characterized by no boundaries or discipline, but did include a lot of parental involvement and affection. Authoritative parenting was the third style Baumrind identified. She believed this style produced the most happy, well-adjusted, and successful children and adolescents (Baumrind, 1971). An authoritative parent set high clear standards for their children. They respected their children’s opinions and concerns and offered plenty of support and encouragement. This style is often referred to as the balanced or â€Å"democratic† style. Later a fourth category was added by Maccoby and Martin, who recognized a neglectful parenting style (Berger, 2011; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The neglectful parent provided for the basic needs of their children, but nothing else. This style involved no demands, boundaries, emotional support, guidance or affection. The mother and father that utilized this method basically detached from their children. While these four categories are still widely used today to classify the types of parenting, many recent studies indicate that the results of Baumrind’s research are not culturally universal. â€Å"Parenting styles developed on North American samples cannot be simply translated to other cultures, but instead must reflect their sociocultural contexts† (Chao, 1994). This paper will further research the variability of effective parenting styles across cultures and explore some of the reasons for these variations. Based on the results of initial research and subsequent studies, Baumrind was a firm advocate of the authoritative parenting style claiming that it was the most successful of the parenting types in producing a positive child outcome (Baumrind, 1971). Authoritarian parenting tended to raise children who performed well academically and had a low involvement in problem behavior. However, they also had â€Å"poorer social skills, lower self-esteem, and higher levels of depression† (Darling, 1999). In contrast, while permissive parenting tended to raise children who had higher levels of self-esteem and were better socialized, they didn’t perform well in school and exhibited more problem behavior (Baumrind, 1991). Children raised by neglectful parents had the most negative results, with poor academic performance, low self-esteem, and high involvement in problem behavior (Baumrind, 1991). For years these results were extrapolated and generalized to describe all families and, although her work continues to be influential (Berger, 2011), many recent studies have found Baumrind’s conclusions regarding the success and failure rate of each of the parenting styles to be inaccurate when applied to a broader population. This is primarily due to her ethnocentric research design (Chao, 1994). The demographic for Baumrind’s study sample consisted of 100 preschool children that were mainly of white, European-American, middle-class families in California (Berger, 2011). Influential variables such as culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family size, religion, and the individual temperaments of both parent and child were not controlled or accounted for. If they were, very different results would have been found because each culture has different goals, values, and expectations of their citizens. Thus, the children will be socialized under different conditions. Aut horitarian and permissive parenting styles practiced in select cultures outside of the European-American context exemplify this. Criticized by many Westerners for its harshness and controlling approach, authoritarian parenting has found more success in Asian and Arab cultures (Grusec, Rudy, & Martini, 1997; Dwairy et al., 2006). In Asian cultures, which would include the Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, etc., Confucian principles are strongly embraced, and therefore, profoundly shape social relationships and moral ethics. In particular, Confucius stressed that a person should respect and obey authority without question, and to seize every opportunity to learn and perfect oneself (Chao, 1994). Rooted in this philosophy, Asians have chosen to use a very strict, controlling, and restrictive approach to parenting. Recently adding fuel to the notion that Asian’s authoritarian parenting style is harsh, oppressive, and sometimes even cruel, is the controversial book, â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom,† by Amy Chua (2011), a Professor of Law at Yale Law School. Chua’s book shares her experiences raising her two daughters â€Å"the Chinese way.† Some of her memoirs describing her authoritarian parental tactics were viewed by the American public as disturbing. Chua (2011) shares that she never allowed her daughters to have a play date, be in a school play, attend overnights, date boys, attend school dances, watch TV or movies, or make any grade less than an A in school. Furthermore, she required her girls to be number one in every class, drilled them daily in Math and Chinese, and made them practice violin and piano three hours a day. Chua recognizes that she was intentionally very strict like most traditional Chinese families, but she was very involved and loving as well. Chua admits to threatening, yelling, and even calling her children degrading names at times in order to motivate them. She believes that most Westerners cringe at this type of parenting approach because they are interpreting her methods based on Western culture instead of Chinese culture. What Asian parents and children recognize as a training environment, Westerners interpret as a controlling one. Ruth Chao (1994), from the University of California, points out a critical difference between Western and Asian authoritarian parenting. The Western version described by Baumrind, â€Å"emphasizes an absolute standard of conduct from children without explaining, listening, or providing emotional support† (Baumrind, 1971). Chao (1994) describes authoritarian parenting as, â€Å"encompassing a set of standards of conduct enforced by parents and the community. These standards are imposed not to dominate the child, but rather to assure familial and societal goals of harmonious relations with others and the integrity of the family unit.† Based on these different interpretations of authoritarian parenting, it is apparent why the two culture’s results are so dissimilar. Among European-Americans, the style is associated with parental hostility and dominance (Martà ­nez, 2008). But for most Asian children, parental obedience and strictness is usually interpreted as parental concern, caring, and involvement, motivated by their parents’ belief that they are capable of excelling (Chao, 1994). Because they feel loved and supported by their parents, Asian children have higher self-esteem when raised with the authoritarian style than do European-American adolescents (Chao, 1994). Similarly, some studies have shown that in Arab societies, authoritarian parenting is not associated with low self-esteem or other negative effects on adolescents’ mental health as it is in Western societies (Dwairy, Achoui, Abouserie, & Farah, 2006). The permissive or indulgent parenting style is often considered too lax by the European-American culture. They found that with this approach children and adolescents were â€Å"more likely to be involved in problem behavior and perform less well in school, but they had a higher self-esteem, better social skills, and lower levels of depression† (Darling, 1999). Like authoritarian parenting however, permissive parenting has found more success outside of the European-American culture. For example, in a research study designed to establish which parenting style is associated with optimum youth outcomes among adolescents of Spanish families, the results found indulgent parenting to be the best approach in the Spanish cultural context (Garcà ­a & Gracia, 2009). This study attributed permissive parenting’s high success rate in Spain and Italy to the style’s compatibility with their â€Å"horizontal collectivist† culture (Garcà ­a & Gracia, 2009). Horizontal collectivism â€Å"perceives the self as a part of the collective and sees all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stressed† (Singelis et al., 1995). Therefore, parenting styles that lack a hierarchal parent-child relationship, are low in strictness, and high in affection work best. In their study, Garcà ­a and Gracia (2009) found that Spanish adolescents raised by indulgent parents had higher self-esteem, were more socialized, and performed well in school. Garcà ­a and Gracia (2009) concluded that the most successful parenting style was determined by a country’s culture type, based on the dimensions of equality value and perception of self. The findings of other research studies seem to support this conclusion. Martà ­nez and Garcà ­a (2008) conducted a similar study in Brazil, another horizontal collectivist culture, and found that permissive parenting was favored there as well. Another study in Mexico found that authoritative and permissive parenting had equally positive outcomes (Martà ­nez, Garcà ­a, & Yubero, 2007). Garcà ­a and Gracia (2009) use their theoretical idea to account for the variance of preferred parenting styles across cultures, stating: In a cultural context, such as Spain, which has been described as horizontal collectivistic, egalitarian rather than hierarchal relations are emphasized, and strictness in parental practices would not have the positive meaning they would have in other contexts such as the United States—characterized by vertical individualism—or Asian cultures—characterized by vertical collectivism. This statement would explain the success of strict authoritarian parenting in Asiatic and Arab countries and authoritative parenting in the United States. Neglectful or uninvolved parenting is the least successful parenting style in European-American culture (Berger, 2011; Darling, 1999). In fact, it is universally viewed as a destructive approach to child development (Darling, 1999). A child who receives the message that they are worthless or unloved is going to have very low self-esteem and suffer from weak social skills. Very often, children with uninvolved parents stop relying on their parents and try to provide for themselves so they don’t feel the sting of rejection and disappointment. A study by Maccoby and Martin (1983) researched adolescents between the ages of 14-18 in four areas: psychological development, school achievement, internalized distress, and problem behavior. Their results concluded that adolescents from homes with neglectful or uninvolved parents scored the lowest in all areas (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Another more recent study performed at Brigham-Young University indicated that teens from homes that prov ided accountability and warmth were least prone to heavy drinking (Bahr & Hoffmann, 2010). This does not fair well for children raised by the neglectful approach because both warmth and accountability are absent. Although authoritative parenting isn’t as generalizable as Baumrind once thought, it is still more widely successful across cultures than any of the other styles. Many of the studies mentioned in this paper found that, if authoritative parenting was not the most successful in producing a positive child outcome, then it was almost always the second most effective. This was the case among Arab, Asian, Spanish, Brazilian, and Mexican adolescents (Grusec et al., 2007; Dwairy et al., 2006; Garcà ­a & Gracia, 2009; Martà ­nez & Garcà ­a, 2008; Martà ­nez et al., 2007). However, the United States isn’t the only country in which authoritative parenting outranks the other styles in producing a positive child outcome. Research has shown that Great Britain finds this parenting type most effective as well. One study, conducted by Tak Wing Chan (2011) from Oxford University, found that British children raised in authoritative homes were associated with high self-esteem and well-being, and were less likely to engage in problem behavior, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, or have friends who used drugs. Additionally, when compared to those from permissive and authoritarian families, authoritative-raised adolescents made higher grades and stayed in school longer (Chan & Koo, 2011). The French also seem to advocate an authoritative style of parenting. In the recent book by Pamela Druckerman entitled, â€Å"Bringing Up Bà ©bà ©,† a work that people have been calling the next â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom,† the author explained French methods for parenting (Kingston, 2012). During an interview, Druckerman said of French parenting that, â€Å"it’s a balance between what North Americans view as old-school parenting where parents have a lot of authority, and a much more modern form of parenting where they speak to children and listen to them but don’t feel they must do everything children say† (Kingston, 2012). This description certainly falls in to Baumrind’s definition of authoritative parenting. In a study of French adolescents regarding parenting style and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, researchers found that adolescents whose parents provided both parental control and emotional support were less likely to partake in activities involving those substances (Choquet et al., 2008). While this paper could continue on and on, its point has clearly been made that culture plays a large factor in determining the most effective parenting style. Based on the information gathered, one can see that Baumrind’s conclusion declaring the authoritative style as the best form of parenting cannot be accurately applied to all families across all cultures. It is not as simple as translating her model of parenting to fit other cultural contexts, because each culture has a different set of values, ideologies, history, and goals. Behaviors are not interpreted in the same way. Even in the United States, Braumind’s model does not always fit. For example, low socioeconomic status is associated with a more strict authoritarian style (Berger, 2011). African-Americans are also associated with more parental control and blended families bring in multiple parenting styles. As demonstrated by Americans’ criticisms toward Asian parenting, it is important to not stereotype other cultures parenting approaches because they might not be accurately interpreted. References Bahr, S.J., Hoffmann, J.P. (2010). Parenting style, religiosity, peers, and adolescent heavy drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(4), 539-543. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(1, Part 2). Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. Child development today and tomorrow (p. 349-378). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance abuse. Journal of Early Adolescents, 11, 56-95. Berger, K. (2011). The developing person through the life span. (8 ed.). New York: WORTH. Chan, T. W., & Koo, A. (2011). Parenting style and youth outcomes in the uk. European Sociological Review, 27(3), 385-399. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcq013 Chao, R.K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119. Choquet, M., Hassler, C., Morin, D., Falissard, B., & Chau, N., (2008). Perceived parenting styles and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use among French adolescents: Gender and family structure. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43(1), 73-80. Chua, A. (2011, January 8). Why chinese mothers are superior. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704111504576059713528698754.html Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlates. Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, 1-3. Retrieved from ERIC database (ED427896). Dwairy, M., Achoui, M., Abouserie, R., & Farah, A. (2006). Parenting styles in Arab societies: A first cross-regional research study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(4), 1-18. Garcia, F., & Gracia, E. (2009). Is always authoratative the optimum parenting style? evidence from spanish families. Adolescence , 44(173), 101-131. Grusec, J.E., Rudy, D., & Martini, T. (1997). Parenting cognitions and child outcomes: An overview and implications for children’s internalization of values. Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (p. 259-282). New York: Wiley. Kingston, A. (2012). Why the french are better parents: The interview. Retrieved from http://www2.macleans.ca/2012/02/10/why-the-french-do-it-better-and-why-your-toddler-should-be-eating-braised-endives/ Maccoby, E.E., Martin, J.A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology, 4, 1-101. Martà ­nez, I., Garcà ­a, J. F., & Yubero, S. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents’ self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological Reports, 100, 731-745. Martà ­nez, I., & Garcà ­a, J. F. (2008). Internalization of values and sel f-esteem among brazilian teenagers from authoratative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful homes. Adolescence, 43(169), 13-29. Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-cultural research, 29(3), 240-275. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Horizontal collectivism is a term that comes from a two-dimensional concept in which the horizontal-vertical spectrum measures the value of equality versus the emphasis on hierarchy, and the individual-collective spectrum measures the perception of self as an independent individual versus the perception of self as a part of the collective or community (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk, & Gelfand, 1995).

Lennie & George in “Of Mice & Men” Essay

In the story â€Å"Of Mice & Men†, John Steinbeck creates a pair of low-class companionship as the story’s main character. This pair of companionship, George and Lennie is very different from each other, nothing alike, no matter talking about their figures, personality, IQ, etc, except that they both carry the same American dream as they spend their hard days traveling together and working in the ranch. Lennie is portrayed as being childlike. He looks up on George as a parental figure: â€Å"Lennie’s lips quivered and tears started in his eyes.† Lennie seek reassurance from George like a child does from their parents. He displays the excitement of a child: â€Å"Tell me about the rabbits, George. Tell me about the rabbits.† Steinbeck suggests that Lennie’s dependent on George and that we all need companionship even if the relationship is unequal. Not only is Lennie portrayed as being childlike, but also very forgetful: â€Å"I forgot, tried not to forget. Honest to god I did George†. Lennie always gets in trouble, and always needs George to help him out.: â€Å"Course you did. Well, look Lennie— if you jus’ happen to get in trouble like u always done before, I want you to come right here and hide in the bush†. Not only does he make himself in trouble but also gives trouble to George: â€Å"An’ whatta I got, I got you! You can’t keep a job and you lose me ever’ job I get. Steinbeck wants to give the readers a hint or preparation that a serious event is going to occur with Lennie, he also wants to convey that although Lennie is big, it doesn’t mean that he has a big brain nor can he be independent and look after himself. Lennie is also being put in a character with characteristic’s like an animal: â€Å"His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down and drank from the green pool; drank with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse.† Lennie enjoys keeping mice, but as a result always kills it:† They were so little, I’d pet them, and pretty soon they bit my fingers and I pinch they heads a little and they was dead— because they were so little.† Steinbeck wants to show that a big man also has a sensitive side, and that being strong also has disadvantages, especially for Lennie who enjoys to pet mice and as a result kills it very quickly due to his big, strong hands. Lennie’s physique is described by Steinbeck as being big, strong looking, but is also described to have body parts in which imitating an animal: â€Å"A huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws.† Although Lennie is very immature, but he is a very helpful and great worker : â€Å"Say, you sure was right about him. Maybe he ain’t bright, but I never seen such a worker.He damn near killed his partner buckin’barley. There ain’t nobody can keep up with him. God, awmighty I never seen such a strong guy.† Steinbck points out that even an immature, childish man like Lennie with low IQ, can also work better than a normal man, and that we should always give a chance to people like Lennie to work like a normal person with no prejudice against them. Lennie is a very simple minded man, and does whatever George tells him to do. He never thinks for himself and won’t bother to rate if it was dangerous or not, he simply just does as he says, like master and servant: â€Å"Tell you what made me stop that One day a bunch of guys were standin’ around Sacramento River.I was feelin’pretty smart. I turned to Lennie and says â€Å"Jump in† and he jumps, couldn’t swim a stroke. He damned near drowned before we could get him.† Not only does Lennie always listen to Georges demands, but he also never rejects him and never dares to argue with him. â€Å"He never got mad with it neither. I’ve beat the hell outa him, and he could bust every bone in me just with his one han’, but he never lifted a finger against me†. Steinbeck expresses to readers that Lennie looks up at George at a higher status, like an idol and believes that whatever George tells him to do, is  for his own good, which is why he listens to George not minding if it is dangerous or not. Where as the other main character in the story â€Å"Of Mice & Men†, known as George, is totally different from Lennie. George is suggested to protect Lennie too much, and that he doesn’t let Lennie talk when he is suppose to. When he sells Lennie too much, people might mistaken that George is hiding something about Lennie.: â€Å"Then why don’t you let him answer? What you trying to put over?†. George also uses a special technique to make Lennie listen to him, from this technique he gives pressure to Lennie so that he will always keep George’s words in mind.: â€Å"But you ain’t gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I won’t let you tend the rabbits.† Steinbeck points out that George is protecting Lennie too much, and that he should always let him try and let him communicate more, socialize more and approach the outside world more, or else he would depend on George too much and takes it as an advantage. George is also suggested to be smart, and has a lot of common sense. He uses his sensitive sensitivity to teach and lead Lennie to the right track: â€Å"Tastes all right, don’t really seem to be running though. You never oughta drink water when it ain’t running, Lennie.† Not only is George sensitive but he is also very smart in the ability to judge correctly: â€Å"You never had none, you crazy bastard. I got both of ’em here. Think I let you carry your own work card?† Steinbeck shows the readers that it is an advantage for Lennie to be looked after by George, for George has the power to untie him from troubles he makes, and knows what’s best for him. Steinbeck also tells the readers, that the people with the same problems as Lennie should always be helped and be guided to the right way, instead of being discriminated. George also gets very fed up with Lennie sometimes, having to escape with Lennie from the troubles Lennie has caused from time to time.: â€Å"God a’mighty, if I was to live alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and  work, and no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want.† But on the other hand, he also cares a lot about Lennie’s feelings, and always persuades him to think towards the positive side when Lennie is depressed.: â€Å"Aw, Lennie! I ain’t taking it away jus’ for meanness. That mouse ain’t fresh, Lennie; and besides, you’ve broke it pettin’ it. You get another mouse that’s fresh and I’ll let you keep it a while.† Steinbeck suggests that in order to be companionships, we will have to care for one and another’s feelings, Steinbeck also coveys that there aren’t any perfect pair of companionship, for there has to be arguments between people, since humans are born with these characteristics. George having to be a trustworthy companionship with Lennie, always believes in his partner no matter what happens. He will always trust Lennie for whatever he does, and the decisions he makes.: â€Å"Lennie never done it in meanness. All the time he done bad things, but never done one of them mean.† George makes the relationship between Lennie and him like a family, George tells Lennie about their dreams, and how they are different to other people, as if it’s going to come true. George gives hope to Lennie making him feel better and have a target so that he won’t feel that he is working for nothing and that they are working to make their dream come true.: † But not us! An’ why? Because †¦because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Steinbeck tells the readers that although these low-class workers are poor and lonely, they haven’t got a stable home. But George and Lennie are different. For they carry a hope, a dream. This is why George and Lennie are never lonely. Steinbeck also suggests that an American dream in those days, does not come true easily. Overall I think that John Steinbeck wants us to know that we should use Lennie and George as an example to how we should treat people with the same problems as Lennie is facing. Instead of discriminating them, we should always give them a hand of trust to help them. John Steinbeck also suggests  that although Lennie may have mental problems, but from this information, it doesn’t mean that Lennie is useless. He may be stupid, but he is very hard working and may be better than most normal workers working in the ranch. John Steinbeck also wants us to know that although people like Lennie often creates serious problems due to his stupidity, this doesn’t suggest that he can use his low IQ, and stupidity as an excuse to not face the problem and just find another job, not caring what he had done before.

Corporate Social Responsibilit Essay Example

Corporate Social Responsibilit Essay Example Corporate Social Responsibilit Essay Corporate Social Responsibilit Essay Yes, companies do have cultures of their own. This is because companies have a set of beliefs and behaviors as they involve groups of people with relationships, perceptions, and behaviors.   However, a company’s culture is more critically considered compared to the freer culture that an individual chooses for himself. Being a business, they are often expected to justify their actions and beliefs that support these actions.   Because of this, companies need to carefully choose and structure their norms such that it would be reasonable to its employees, gain approval from their market, and beneficial to their business. Although it has been argued that businesses are not expected to behave as society does, I still believe that a business is a member of society.   A company has most of the rights and obligations as each individual and is therefore bound to the legal and moral codes specific to the society.   This status of being a member of the community is what motivates a company to be socially responsible.   A company participates in both social issues and legal matters of the state, as in cases where a company leads in setting standards of living that could, through their lobbyists, influence new laws.   Moreover, a company plays an important role in advocating social issues when the government alone is unable to provide for the community.   A company, therefore, is concerned for the society because of the underlying notion that, even if it exists for profit, it is part of- if not one with- the community. CSR is very important to society as it plays a major part in its economic and social growth. A company that is socially responsible could help cultivate a society with the presence of its business, but it could also affect them negatively. We note that a company is, internally, also a society. It defines its principles upon following what may be a legal code, but also with profit returns as their goal.   The actions that a company does basing on these principles would determine their level of responsibility.   As an outcome, the society’s people and economy could either be well-developed or stagnant. How a company handles its social responsibility creates a profound effect on the community, and so it is imperative that a society is actively concerned in its programs. There are both advantages and disadvantages to each of these behaviors, and it is important that whichever a company adopts, extremity should be avoided as it may not be beneficial to both the company and society.   However, being a strict constructionist could prove better for a company, as CSR and philanthropy, albeit controlled and used as strategy, are still embedded in their goals. Being a strict constructionist, a company is specific in following not only legal standards but also moral codes. Since profit is the primary concern, it is important for a company to earn its market’s trust by delivering good standards, and loyalty by investing profit back into society.   These non-profit programs that a constructionist company initiates following a moral code are often the reasons why it is viewed as an ethical purist.   Overall, being a strict constructionist still allows a company to help the society but in a more practical strategy, needed for expansion- which create s more business opportunities and plenty of room to help. Yes, it is possible for a company to address both profit concerns and social responsibility at the same time, or â€Å"do well by doing good†.   By repackaging their products and services to fit a specific community, a company is able to expand their market to majority of the world’s population. Since they are provided with affordable commodities, technology, healthcare and education as well as employment, consumers patronize a company’s products and services and provide profit returns. Microfinance that turn profits and pooling of financial resources for a loan are some of the trends used to help people improve their standard of living- especially the poor and working poor- in financial terms. By providing affordable rates and lending money even to the low-income class, people become motivated to pay for their loans, and profit is ensured.   Another example of â€Å"doing good† but with a different kind of approach to ensure a more long-term â€Å"do ing well† is the collaboration of toy company Lego and scientific equipment company National Instruments (NI) where they sponsor a Science and Technology competition attended by 9- to 16-year-old students. By exposing the young to their products, they not only promote Science and Technology but also guarantee brand recognition and future market, when the kids grow to become buyers themselves. A company must adhere to the rules and standards specific to their marketed society in order to be able to, in the first place, stay in business. For this reason, the type- even presence- of CSR depends largely on the culture of a society as well as its social concerns.   A society that is particular to the rights of its individuals warrants the company to pay attention to the treatment of its employees and to have strategically impacting CSR activities. On the other hand, a society that is, say, well-supported by its government may not set a very high expectation in the company’s CSR involvement. With the society’s norms and present social concerns in mind, a company must adjust to these factors and design a CSR strategy that would create a positive effect to the society, or at least not hurt its image.   As a result, the quality and density of a company’s CSR activities vary from state to state. The presence of a company do not always benefit a society, and this conflict come in different situations. Multinational companies often involve a long chain of production, which could be rigged in the process and cause harm to consumers at the end of that chain. These result to news of food and chemical scares that have been known around the world or counterfeiting problems. Also, for-profit lending firms who view microfinance as money-well place higher costs for their loans and mortgages, even up to twice the amount of the loan, and end up hurting consumers’ credit instead of helping them to alleviate their standard of living. However, businesses sometimes hurt the society in the process of trying to help its members.   In order to effectively deliver or affordable products and services and offer employment to a community, another group of people is displaced.   These adverse effects could either be intentionally or unavoidable brought by the company but sadly, there is no universal standard that would prevent companies from falling into harmful ventures. IT systems are used in order to manage and report on a company’s CSR. Through information technology, a company is able to quantify their toxic emissions and determine whether they need to manage or reduce amounts of input.   With the results, the company is presented with the opportunity to help reduce the amount of pollution towards the environment.   However, IT systems themselves- especially the hardware- contain a great amount of toxic. Aside from that, these data-gathering technologies consume a lot of electricity and air conditioning, which would produce harmful greenhouse gases.   In the end, the employment of IT as part of CSR could enable a company to help the planet but also raise environmental problems in the process. For me, tool regulation and strategic usage determines the balance between the two opposite effects. Some societies do not have a strong stance on transparency between company and consumer, but it should be a requirement for a more trusted business.   Patronizing a business involves trust on the part of the customers. It is then their right to be well-informed about the products that they use and services that they employ.   As customers place their trust on a company by availing their products, it is the company’s responsibility to make sure that the customers understand the process to which they engage in.   Failure in this part results to issues that could be harmful for the customer.   Aside from that, nondisclosure of certain characteristics and aspects of a product or service would make the customer distrust a company and the company loses business. Corporate Social Responsibility, 8 Nonprofit programs, like any investment, should be cultivated with a strategy.   I agree that these programs should be run like business in order to make CSR work out for the company as well as the society. Handling nonprofits as one handles any business requires a well-defined procedure and guarantees a positive outcome. Furthermore, the program is evaluated to determine whether it has been successful, or needs further detailing.   Giving without a goal may contribute to the company’s visibility but it still tends to be irrelevant to the society and therefore ineffective. This is why â€Å"smart philanthropy† is a significant principle in most companies as it enables them to be active in philanthropic activities and also promote their company’s reputation: do well by doing good. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion We hope for a better community once businesses, especially large-scale ones, enter the society but at some point adverse effects and behaviors happen, and the community is affected. Once a business goes wrong, the society’s economy, people, and even environment would suffer.   Businesses, on the other hand, are affected by the beliefs and behaviors of the society.   A company that has no regard for the norms are criticized and since the society is its market and reason for existence, its policies need to be adjusted accordingly. Therefore, the relationship between company and society is inter-dependent: the company relies on the society for revenue, and the society looks up to the company for economic leadership. Because of this relationship, a company makes it a point to be socially responsible and invests profit back into the community so to gather loyalty and be able to expand at the same time. These programs that show responsibility, in turn, would encourage customers to patronize products and services.   In totality, corporate social responsibility is what keeps this relationship balanced and intact.

Duramold - Fairchild - Howard Hughes and the Spruce Goose

Duramold - Fairchild - Howard Hughes and the Spruce Goose In the late 1930s, aircraft of composite materials began to appear made of plastic-impregnated wood materials called duramold. The most famous and largest aircraft of duramold construction was the eight-engine Howard Hughes flying boat dubbed the Spruce Goose. Sherman Mills Fairchild According to the Fairchild Corporation, In the mid-1930s, Fairchild pioneered the application of composite structures to airframe design and production - duramold. The adhesive bonding processes and techniques are still followed in the manufacture of composite structures today. Fairchild also developed the first nine-lens mapping camera for the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1936. Duramold Aircraft Spruce Goose The Spruce Goose was not the first airplane to use duramold material. Many small planes had been built using duramold during the early thirties by the Fairchild Aviation. The Spruce Goose was originally conceived by Henry J. Kaiser, a steel maker and builder of Liberty ships. The aircraft was designed, constructed, and engineered by Howard Hughes and his staff. The Spruce Gooses exterior was created with material using the duramold process of laminating plywood and it was the largest plane ever to fly. In 1947, Millionaire Howard Hughes became the first person to pilot the Spruce Goose. Spruce Goose Howard Hughes Becomes The First Person To Fly The Spruce Goose In 1905, Howard Hughes was born in Houston, Texas. Hughes inherited the patent rights to an oil tool drill made by the Hughes Tool Company. A millionaire, Howard Hughes both inherited and made his own money. An adventurous soul, he formed the Hughes Aircraft Corporation and loved to pilot planes and break aviation records. After flying across America, Howard Hughes turned to movie making and formed his own motion picture studio.

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Film - Essay Example This work gives an analysis of the famous painting by the Polish director Roman Polyansky, who immediately gained recognition in Hollywood. A complex, intricate intrigue (Los Angeles private researcher Jake Gitts is hired by a wealthy young woman Evelyn Mulray to investigate a petty but suspicious affair, and as a result he intervenes in large, stubbornly revealing frauds in land and water speculation) and most importantly gloomy Secrets hidden behind the facade of calm and prosperity. Intentional thickening of colors in the image of the atmosphere of mystery and anxious expectation. The mandatory theme of rock that dominates people persistently pursues them and leaves no hope even for a cheerful, always brilliant "black wit" hired detective who wins professionally, but loses in love and generally in life ... he issue of morals is evidently shown in the movie. Chinatown starts with pictures of a man that cheats on his wife with a different woman. The pictures show the two lovers in different positions of sexual congress, although no private parts are shown (Polanski). As the film proceeds, Gittes and Evelyn are shown in a scene just after completing a sexual act. The scene is very erotically charged, and the viewers may be titillated by what they do not see. In the same movie, some characters smoke cigarettes, but the most eye-catching scene is when Evelyn Mulwray smokes a cigarette in bed next to Gittes. Also, the Chinese happen to receive all the racism attacks in the film noir. One such scene is the long winded sexual joke that was narrated by Gittes about  Chinese men. All these attributes of the style of the film noir are present in the work of Roman Polyansky, and first of all - the motive of evil destiny, embodied in the obsession of the hero about the inevitable defeat in the accursed Chinatown. In "China Town" not only carefully recreated the environment of the 30-ies, but also used various cultural, cinematographic allusions, links, reminders.

Research and Development Methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

And Development Methods - Research Proposal Example It is used to deal with wide arrays of data and information related to students. The idea is to implement this system in Kidbrooke School to enhance the efficiency of student management along with improving the quality of teaching in an effective manner. This system is easy and simple to use and helps in availing wide varieties of data and information in a hassle free manner (Bonig, 2012). The simplicity of this system can be enhanced by using computer database and database language in the form of SQL and Access. Furthermore, important design considerations and principles are in the form of visibility, system feedback, uniformity, simplicity of tasks, and easy to access and use. The basic importance of the proposed student management information system is based on the fact that, it helps in collecting wide arrays of students’ details in the form of personal details, lecture details, subject details, grades, and feedback. This system can be considered as quite beneficial and us eful for students and teachers considering the fact that minute details can be garnered with ease and thus enhancing and strengthening the information framework. The next part of the discussion presents the objectives and questions related to the proposed system. The current system is based on manual settings and the newly proposed system is aimed to automate all the processes. In this regard, few questions need to be explored and investigated. The formulated questions are as follow: In order to further address and investigate the project’s objectives and questions; it is important to have an understanding over the requirements specifications that will help in understanding the benefits and usefulness of the proposed system. The specification of requirements has been illustrated in a critical manner. Under this system, students will be able to feed all their information that can be accessed by the management of the