Fahrenheit 451 Essay - Montags Change of Heart - 1604 Words

1 Aaron Mrs. MacDonald ENG 2D April 24, 2012 Guy Montag’s Change of Heart People always say time changes things, but you actually have to change them yourself. This is the case as well in Fahrenheit 451, the novel, written by Ray Bradbury, is the story that follows a normal man, Guy Montag, who lived a normal life in his civilization post apocalptic as a fireman. Although where he is from, it is not a fireman’s duty to put out fires, but rather to burn books. It is because of his profession he battled his conscience to find answers to his many questions. Throughout this book, Montag changed his perceptive on literature in his society for the better because he became a critical thinker and stopped being passive like everyone else where†¦show more content†¦Clarisse helps Montag look around him and see everything, from the smallest snowflake to the biggest tree. Montag never really thinks about what is happening in his life, or why it seems he never shows much emotion towards anything. Clarisse teaches Montag to look around and to pay attenti on to what is really important in life, just not what his society tells him. Even though I believe Clarisse was the reason for Montag’s major metamorphosis, I believe that there were two additional individuals that had a role to play in Montag’s expedition to find answers to fill the void in his life. Subsequently, Faber monumentally influenced Montag and his decisions he made throughout the novel. Faber was a retired English professor and he is the second mentor that Montag comes across. He was one of the few people who is not like everyone else because he, just as Clarisse, are intellectual beings. Faber met Montag in a park. A short discussion revolving around small-talk like the weather quickly escalates to a deeper topic and Montag and faber soon find themselves discussing Faber’s past and the history of books. They talk for hours and their conversation ultimately ends with Faber leaving Montag his contact card and Guy soon contacts him when he discovers his love for books. In Faber and Montag’s conversation, Faber says, â€Å"Do you know why books such as this are so important? Because they have quality.† (83). The significance of FaberShow MoreRelatedControl Of Society In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1018 Words   |  5 PagesF451 Essay Outline Introduction Background Information (2-3 sentences about the book, which relates to your theme): Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury tells a story of a reality in which the society controls and influences their citizens using different forms of technology. Their goal is to keep everyone happy and eliminate any threat. Guy Montag, the main character and fireman who burns books, struggles with how the world works, trying his best to get away. He worksRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4514443 Words   |  18 Pages Introduction: How’d He Do That? My appreciation of a literary work was enhanced by understanding symbol when I read Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. The science fiction novel is about Guy Montag, a man who is a firefighter. In this time, the job of a firefighter is to burn and destroy all books because reading or having books is illegal. He does his job, day by day, burning books without giving it a thought. As the novel continues, Montag realizes that books are not bad and tries to save them.

Network Security Concepts Essay - 1761 Words

Network Security Concepts File security falls into two categories, encryption and access. Access to files can mean physical access to a computer with unsecured files or access via user permissions or privileges in the form of access control lists (ACLs) (Strengthen Your Users File Security, 2003). The files kept on a server with NTFS storage can be locked to prevent anyone who does not have the correct permissions from opening them. This is secure but can be bypassed with physical access to an open computer and should not be used for sensitive information. The other method of securing files is by encrypting the information in the files using an Encrypting File System (EFS), which employs public key encryption privileges (Strengthen†¦show more content†¦Secret and private keys are very similar and are often used interchangeably. The difference is that secret keys are used for both encryption and decryption, while a private key is part of the public/private key system and is used only for decryption (C ryptography, 2005). In both cases, the key may be known only to a single person or a limited group of people in order to keep the key secure. Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a method of verifying users on a network, while a digital certificate is a reference from a neutral company that confirms the identity of an internet site (Shay, 2004, p. 321) and (Tomsho, G., Tittel, E. Johnson, D., 2004, P. 378). The digital certificate is issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) such as Verisign, and a registration authority (RA) that acts as a reference to identify an entity to a user of the website, and uses a directory that holds the certificate and can revoke a companys digital status. The PKI technology is at the core of the digital certificates used in almost all transactions on the internet. The PKI uses a cryptographic key pair, one of which is public and one which is private, to authenticate the owner of the certificate (PKI, 2002). In each of the layers of the OSI model, there are security risks that exist and are developing now, andShow MoreRelatedInternal Network Security1451 Words   |  6 Pagespeople in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack is only come from outside the company. In fact, the attack from inside the company network is more harmful with high frequency to be happened. As written by Cryptek (2001)Read MoreBest Practices For Network Security2439 Words   |  10 PagesBest Practices for Network Security Network security, in this technological age, should be one of the most important items of concern for any business owner or network administrator. Since just about every company out there is connected to and conducts some sort of business over the Internet, just about every one of them is at risk from outside threats. This means that they should take certain steps in order for them for them to conduct their business securely. Beyond the initial steps, it mustRead MoreWorldwide Network Security7789 Words   |  32 PagesMARKET ANALYSIS Worldwide Network Security 2012–2016 Forecast and 2011 Vendor Shares John Grady IDC OPINION The worldwide network security market grew by 6.1% in 2011. The total market, which includes firewall, unified threat management (UTM), intrusion detection and prevention (IDP), and virtual private network (VPN) solutions, reached $7.4 billion in 2011. UTM revenue saw the strongest growth at 17.4% and reached $2.2 billion. The IDP market saw more moderate growth at 4.5%, reaching $1.9Read MoreDeveloping Mixed Environments Of 802.1x And Non 802.1x Endpoints1701 Words   |  7 Pageschallenging to configure different switches (particularly in multivendor networks) to handle a mix of both 802.1X and non- 802.1X endpoints. The combination of these factors in wired environments can outweigh the intended benefits of deploying 802.1X in the first place. [callout box]  »FACTORS LIMITING 802 .1X DEPLOYMENT IN WIRED LANS †¢ Legacy switches and unmanaged devices lack 802.1X support †¢ Configuration challenges in multi-vendor networks †¢ High proportion of non-802.1X endpoints †¢ Resource-intensiveRead MoreEssay on Security Issues of Ambient Networks2196 Words   |  9 PagesIn this essay we will present security issues of a networking concept referred to as ambient networks, which aims to enable the cooperation of heterogeneous networks belonging to different operator or technology domains. In this way, it appears as homogeneous to the users of the network services. Providing security in ambient networks is a huge challenge. The main reason is that the traditional security model is not valid anymore. Traditional security assumes that there is a vulnerable channelRead MoreImplementing An Automated Distributed Firewall4178 Words   |  17 Pagesdistributed firewall was proposed. This demonstration will show a platform to automate emulated distributed firewall and configuration, making it easy for research and experiments. This work discusses the design and implementation of distributed firewall concept, its implementation and preventing single point of failure in the architecture 1. Introduction Over the past years, communication and flow of information has drastically changed. The advent of the internet has opened up a new multitude of ways inRead MoreCyber Security Vulnerability : A Analysis On The Vulnerabilities As Well As The Uses Of Cyber Intrusions2396 Words   |  10 Pages Cyber security vulnerability Bryan States University of Maryland University College Professor CSEC 610 July 7, 2015 Introduction An analysis on the vulnerabilities as well as the use of cyber intrusions in an organizational network has become key for running businesses (Sengupta, Mazumdar Bagchi, 2011). Enterprises including academic facilities, government parastatals and manufacturing firms are started to carry out business. The organizations mentioned above will in one way orRead MoreInformation Security Is A Key Component And Main Concern Of Information Technology999 Words   |  4 PagesInformation security is a key component and main concern of Information Technology (IT) professions, nowadays. The protection of data, networks, computers, etc. is a more and more growing field. This has been made even more important with the attacks and breaches noticed earlier 2014. The U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) through the â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook† predicts that the demand for information security analysts will grow by 22 percent in a decade. Thus adding more than 65,700 positionsRead More Network Security Policies And Standards Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the network security policies and standards in today’s I.T. infrastructure. It will also contain the algorithms and techniques that a company should embrace in order to protect their intellectual information and ownership. This paper will give an understanding on how one can breach the e-voting system and how an organisation can safeguard this interruption by evaluating the network and recommending best practice on high standard security systems and employing network security policies. Read MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet Hackers1567 Words   |  7 Pages1 Background In our time and with the remarkable progress in the field of Internet, web sites can be considered the purpose and the main target for the Internet hackers. The Internet hackers worked on transfer their attacks from the well-defended network layer to the more accessible Web application layer, since this layer is one of the most important layers because that layer is used on a daily basis by people to manage all daily business such as commercial matters in addition to other things related

Weakness and Real Earnings Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Weakness and Real Earnings Management. Answer: Introduction: The current report aims to discuss the weakness in the internal control procedures of revenue cycle in Strings Private Limited. Strings Private Limited is a private Australian enterprise, which is involved in manufacturing musical instruments and parts needed for their repair. Along with this, the effects of such weaknesses on the organisation have been evaluated and accordingly, particular internal controls would be formulated in order to eliminate such weaknesses. The latter segment of the report concentrates on using systems development lifecycle for identifying five deficiencies in Queensland Health Payroll System. Hence, recommendations have been made for overcoming such deficiencies in future projects. Based on the provided case study, it could be identified that the main internal control weaknesses in Strings Revenue Cycle comprise of the following: As observed in the case study, 17% of the sales made on credit in the past year have to be written off as uncollectible, since the customers denied ordering or receiving merchandise. The problem in sales department of the organisation is that there is absence of any credit check to gain insights about the customer credibility. This is significant in generating profit for the organisation (Sun, 2016). Another problem associated with the revenue cycle of Strings Private Limited is that the warehouse staff utilises the logbook for updating the inventory records. This implies that the warehouse clerk has access to inventory and the person could update the inventory ledger as well, which might be inaccurate (Jacoby et al., 2017). The case study states that the organisation has experienced increase in the overall volume of sales this year, which have lead to large number of errors. This is because wrong items are delivered to the customers (Newton et al., 2015). Shipping delays are observed as well, since the items assumed to be in stock could not be found in the warehouse. Along with this, there is absence of physical count of inventory over the past two years, even though there is maintenance of perpetual inventory system. Thus at the time of placing the sales order, there is uncertainty related to transaction details, which could be subject to change (Feng et al., 2014). Potential effects of the identified weaknesses on the organisation: The potential effects of the identified weaknesses on Strings Private Limited constitute of the following: With the help of credit check, it is possible to obtain a quick insight of the financial position of the customers. However, this needs to be used occasionally for monitoring the credit situation of the customers without negative effect on their credit scores (Yu, Zhang Zheng, 2016). As Strings Private Limited could not recover 17.5% of the credit sales from the customers, it would result in minimisation of the overall profit generated. Hence, this might reduce the dividend payout to the shareholders and availability of working capital. As the warehouse clerk is involved in updating the inventory ledger, it could lead to the chance of stealing inventory items along with covering up the threat. For instance, the warehouse staff could steal inventory from Strings Private Limited and it would not be detected until any other person modifies the inventory records for covering the deficit. With the increasing number of orders, it has become difficult for Strings Private Limited to manage all the orders in a timely manner. Since wrong items are delivered to the customers, the organisation needs to incur additional amount in shipping. As a result, this has direct impact on the profitability of the organisation due to the rise in overall expenses. In addition, the delayed delivery would create negative impression on the minds of the customers and they might shift to the competitors to seek timely delivery of the items ordered. Specific internal controls to be implemented for mitigating the risks identified: The internal controls that could be implemented in order to mitigate the identified risks constitute of the following: The credit policy of the organisation needs to be reviewed monthly to identify those customers not paying within the stipulated time (Amoah et al., 2017). In addition, it could put some customers to make payments on cash only, if they make delay in payments consistently. Although it might result in loss of sales to a certain extent, it is better than remaining unpaid for the items delivered. The custody of warehouse inventory needs to be segregated from recordkeeping for inventory on the part of the inventory control department for minimising the incompatible functions. The inventory records need to be updated regularly for the replacement of the delivered products (Cheng, Goh Kim, 2017). In addition, the warehouse needs to be prepared in a manner for dispatching products to the respective destinations. This could be initiated by arranging the most popular products, which would be followed by the products having less popularity. Five deficiencies in Queensland Health Payroll System Project and recommendations to overcome these deficiencies in future projects: The five deficiencies identified in Queensland Health Payroll System Project are described as follows: Payroll and certain tests have been carried out in parallel in various time schedules and the organisation has accepted inherent risk without testing the functionalities. The largest factor is the industrial complexity, as the Australian healthcare sector needs various processes and security to the patients along with the large industrial size. Deficiency has been observed in the implementation project of enterprise resource planning in formulating effective amount of nexus among clients, vendor and consultant (Philip, 2015). The lack of communication had been one of the major drawbacks keeping the organisation behind from successful implementation of payroll project. The IBM team involved in systems development life cycle (SDLC) was not found to be effective to carry out its job roles and responsibilities. The above-stated deficiencies could be illustrated with the help of SDLC framework. SDLC framework provides a sequence of activities for the system designers and developers (Thite Sandhu, 2014). The relevant phases of this framework in the context of the project are described briefly as follows: This is the initial step of the framework, which signifies the information and cost associated with the system (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017).The health payroll project of the organisation had suffered from ineffective handling and increased complexity in the IS system. Queensland Health is involved in large industrial sector, which is related to various health businesses. The organisation was using complicated conceptual design for obtaining information that needs to be corrected in timely manner. As identified above, Queensland Health has low level of conceptual design due to communication issue and system process. Henceforth, for upgrading the SDL framework, it is necessary for the organisation to alter its physical design in an effective fashion (Church, Schmidt Smedley, 2017). Conversion and implementation: For better development of the systems development lifecycle, Queensland Health needs to make installation of the following changes: The use of decision support system in the organisation at the time the conflicts and problems coming into notice are not structured The business executive, system users and process staffs need to work in combination for finding out new working processes along with eliminating issues in the provided areas Creating bifurcating procedure for defining information and data to the respective individuals systematically (Rock-Evans, 2014) Recommendations for overcoming the identified deficiencies: In order to avoid the identified deficiencies in future projects, Queensland Health needs to conduct the following: Development of new software and hardware in the SDLC program of the organisation Rotating the staffs in the process system or recruiting competent staffs Change of procedure related to testing Completing the system documentation For formulating the new effective SDLC framework of Queensland Health, effective planning is required to be made for correcting the existing deficiencies in the business processes. In addition, the cost of the new project needs to be projected along with ascertaining whether the proposed system would be cost-effective for the organisation. In order to measure cost-effectiveness, the techniques of investment appraisal like net present value, payback period and internal rate of return could be used for analysing the process cost. Conclusion: According to the evaluation of the first segment, it has been found out that the main internal control weaknesses of Strings Private Limited include absence of credit check, access to inventory along with delayed delivery and shipping errors. For dealing with these issues, updating the inventory records, segregation of record-keeping for inventory and tightened credit policy are essential. In the second segment, certain deficiencies have been identified in Queensland Health Payroll System Project. These include acceptance of inherent risk, industrial complexities, lack of communication, IS implementation issue and ineffectiveness of IBM team. For minimising these deficiencies, the cost of the new project needs to be projected along with ascertaining whether the proposed system would be cost-effective for the organisation. References: Amoah, N. Y., Anderson, A., Bonaparte, I., Tang, A. P. (2017). Internal Control Material Weakness and Real Earnings Management. InParables, Myths and Risks(pp. 1-21). Emerald Publishing Limited. Cheng, Q., Goh, B. W., Kim, J. B. (2017). Internal control and operational efficiency. Church, K. S., Schmidt, P. J., Smedley, G. (2017). Casey's Collections: A Strategic Decision-Making Case Using the Systems Development LifecyclePlanning and Analysis Phases.Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting Teaching Notes,13(2), 31-81. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S. E., Skaife, H. (2014). Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management.The Accounting Review,90(2), 529-557. Jacoby, G., Li, Y., Li, T., Zheng, S. X. (2017). Internal control weakness, investment and firm valuation.Finance Research Letters. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Newton, N. J., Persellin, J. S., Wang, D., Wilkins, M. S. (2015). Internal control opinion shopping and audit market competition.The Accounting Review,91(2), 603-623. Philip, K. (2015). Allied health: untapped potential in the Australian health system.Australian Health Review,39(3), 244-247. Rock-Evans, R. (2014).Analysis within the Systems Development Life-Cycle: Book 4 Activity AnalysisThe Methods. Elsevier. Sun, Y. (2016). Internal control weakness disclosure and firm investment.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,31(2), 277-307. Thite, M., Sandhu, K. (2014). Where is My Pay? Critical Success Factors of a Payroll SystemA System Life Cycle Approach.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,18(2). Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, S. X. (2016). The effect of internal control weakness on firm valuation: Evidence from SOX Section 404 disclosuresAuthor-Name: Li, Yingqi.Finance Research Letters,17(C), 17-24.

The Death of Socrates free essay sample

The Death of Socrates† was painted by a French painter . His name was Jacques Louis David. The painting represents the scene of the death of Greek philosopher Socrates. He was condemned to die by drinking hemlock for the expression of his ideas against those of Athens and corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also depicts both Plato and Crito, with the former sitting at the edge of the bed and the latter clutching the knee of Socrates. Socrates had the choice to go into exile and , hence, give up his philosophic vocation or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, someone hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates hand pointing to the heavens indicating his defiance of the gods and fearless attitude to his death. hough he consulted Father Adry, a scholar on the subject, David’s depiction of Socrates death contains many historical inaccuracies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of Socrates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For simplicity, he removed many characters, including the wife of Socrates. However, he included Apollodorus, the man leaning against the wall just within the arch, even though he is said to have been sent away by Socrates for displaying too much grief. David also misrepresented the ages of many of the pupils of Socrates, including Plato. Plato would have been a young man at the time of Socrates’s death, but in this painting he is the old man sitting at the foot of the bed. Even the face of Socrates is much more idealized than the classical bust that is typically used as a reference portrait of Socrates. [3] David uses color to highlight the emotion in this painting. The shades of red are more muted on the edges of the painting and become more vibrant in the center, culminating in the dark red robe of the man holding the cup of poison. The only two serene men, Socrates and Plato, are garbed in a contrasting bluish-white. The more muted color scheme of this painting may be a response to critics of David’s Oath of the Horatii, who called his colors â€Å"garish†. [3] David signed this painting in two places – his full signature under Crito, the young man clutching Socrates’s thigh, and his initials under Plato. David’s signature placement often had symbolic meaning – for example, in his painting of Count Potocki, David signed in the collar of the dog that is barking at the sitter. In Death of Socrates, his signatures also have meaning. His initials under Plato are a reference to the fact that the story comes from Plato, a thanks for the inspiration. His fuller signature under Crito means that this is the character whom the artist identifies most with. This may be a reference for Crito’s position in the composition – clutching Socrates’s thigh. In this way, David would be seen as a man who likewise clutches at the morals and values that Socrates represents. [2] There is some controversy as to the origins of the painting. Vidal states that â€Å"the younger of Trudaine de Montigny’s (fr) two sons commissioned David’s Death of Socrates in 1786,†[4] but Bordes says that â€Å"the drawing for Socrates†¦bears the unexpected date of 1782. † However, it is possible that the commission in 1786 was for a painting that David had already conceived as early as 1782, and Bordes does acknowledge that the date is an addition to the drawing. [5] Regardless of when it was originally conceived, the painting was completed in 1787, in Paris. It was during David’s first trip to Rome that he began to study the depiction of funerary scenes and to draw many examples. Many of David’s major works stem from these funerary drawings. [6] In this painting, David examines a philosopher’s approach to death. Socrates is stoic and calm because he sees death as a separate, actual realm, a different state of being from life but not an end to being. [7] In fact, in Phaedo, Socrates seems more concerned with how Crito will handle his death than with his own well-being. [8] In the painting, Socrates’s gesture shows us that he still teaching, even in the moment before his death. It is said that this gesture was inspired by the poet Andre Chenier . [9] Another painting depicting the event was done by the Italian artist Giambettino Cignaroli. Cignarolis work shows Socrates already dead, surrounded by his anguished followers. [10] The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Philip-Joseph de Saint-Quentin

Australian Law and Native Title

Australian Law and Native Title Introduction Long before British colony established in Australia, that is, before 1788, the Aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders settled in Australia as indigenous people. As usual, the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander had their own customs and laws governing them besides, speaking a unique language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Law and Native Title specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interestingly, these laws and customs went in tandem with brawny and firm spiritual connections, with an aim of forming an indigenous country. For example, these traditional customs and laws composed diverse activities like performing ceremonials and rituals, where men could go hunting and fishing and on the other hand, women could gather food. Additionally, the laws and customs mandated provision of education and knowledge to children through storytelling, artwork, songs and dances. Furthermore, thes e laws and customs became a platform of environmental conservation for future generations. Therefore, these laws and customs provided equality to all members of the society irrespective of the social class. However, after 1788, the story was never the same as the British colony alleged its own sovereignty in Australia. In essence, the British administration claimed colonial mastery and administration over Australian residents. (National Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 1-7). Background History: Advent of Inequality The main cause of Australian law inequality was the British colonisers. These colonisers enacted laws that segregated some communities from the rest. On gaining independence, some leaders continued to impose these laws. To weaken this structure, communities had to contest in a court of law. By 1788, European powers had spread all over Europe to colonise weak nations- Australia being one of them. Nevertheless, it was not an easy task, as these power blocks in Europe had to deploy some tactics in case; indigenous territories resisted any form of colonialism. The first mode applied by these western powers was to conquer by conquest. At this instant, colonial masters had to seek mandate to colonise a nation by negotiating for certain reparations. If this system failed, the colonial masters applied another method. This time round, they could apply stringent measures in order to force indigenous population succumb to their demands. An example of this is what happened in Fiji during the colonial period. Some compensations and reparation could follow. Lastly, the third system involved declaration of land as terra nullius. This means, colonial masters considered land unsafe for human inhabitation hence; no need to negotiate any form of compensations of reparations to indigenous populace (a lie).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any of the three system s asserted negative consequences to indigenous population. As a result, many people suffered most. Some of them became landless and subjected to hard labour. Inequality dominated the talk of the day even as colonial masters killed stubborn indigenes. (Gary, 1997, Para. 5-6). The Aboriginal people of Australia had a well-structured system of governance. Their laws provided a platform of equality among all members. The laws and customs soldiered solidarity among Aboriginals before the First Feet of British colonisers arrived. The laws acted as foundation blocks whose realignment will see the relationship among Aboriginals crumple. Furthermore, the solidarity of Aboriginal population, plus their laws and customs, did not prevent British colonisers from building their own empire over the sovereignty enjoyed in Australian continent. The British colonisers declared Australian land terra nullius. This is because; the British colonisers did not want to negotiate with indigenous population o ver the issue of compensation. Instead, they opted to declare land terra nullius so that, they could evade any form of reparation or compensation exclusive of reference to indigenous rights. Some historians depict that, had these British colonisers recognized how important Aboriginal laws were, they could have spared Aboriginal sovereignty and instead, discuss and negotiate with indigenous population in order to award compensation or reparation to the lost land. (Fry, 1947, pp. 158-168). Deceitfully and deliberately, in 1889, the British colonisers ignored Aboriginal laws and customs, which gave Australian inhabitants fundamental rights and as a substitute, they declared British dominion based on terra nullius. Captivatingly, British officials applied terra nullius through lying to Australian inhabitants. This lie turned into a myth lasting over 200 years. Additionally, the myth shattered the Aboriginal laws and customs and eventually brought devastating moments among Islanders and Aboriginal people in Australia. The Koori people knew this to be a lie just as it came out to be. The British colonisers administered Australia under Terra nullius laws. Even after their withdrawal, Terra nullius dominated indigenous population in Australia until 1992. (Bird, 1988. pp. 4-32).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Law and Native Title specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, there came a period in 1992, when Aboriginal people in Australia demanded justice. The law had proved futile and horrible. Indigenous people tired of terra nullius lies sought legal redress. Finally, one person named Mabo, filed suit to nullify terra nullius. Luckily, the High Court in Australia decided to illegalise terra nullius hence, liberating Aboriginals and Islanders of Strait. Fascinatingly, in Australian High Court, the Mabo case had taken a different perspective where, the national emphasis of Aboriginal stru ggle of rights previously deemed political made a quick shift into legal battle to voice out the demands of Aboriginal populations. The intense and successful political tussle lasting for five decades transformed into above-board configuration where astronomically priced law experts and Barristers fought mercy on the part of Aboriginal people. Together, these people fought to retain their ancestral land, which the British colonisers typified to their own sovereignty. Even today, the struggle continues. All manner disadvantages falls on the Aboriginal people as they struggle to retain the forgone justice. The struggle for liberation among Aboriginal population started in 1930 and continued to 1980s. They had formed a political movement aimed at reclaiming their land. All this time, Aboriginal Court cases dominated Australian Courts. Consequently, in 1993, there came a parliamentary legislation, Native Title Act, which brought equality in Australian legal system. In fact, most inhabit ants in Australia including indigenous ones illiterate in law, now have an idea on the Mabo decision as a product of the Native Title Act of 1993. The Act brought some light on legal matters and most importantly, the Aboriginal people received justice though the liberation continues. (Berndt, 1992, pp. 12-48). Native Title Under Australian law, a Native Title is a legal documentation, which provides Australian indigenous persons certain privileges and interests. In most cases, the Native Title provides policies that see people own and use land according to their traditional practices, that is, societal customs and laws. Additionally, the Title recognises and awards legal land interests to indigenous Australian citizens having survived and acquired accreditation from Queen Victoria in 1901.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under normal instances, Native Title resembles non-Indigenous property rights that allow people classified as indigenous, to exercise native rights on their traditional land. Apparently, the system allows land fragmentation at the expense of indigenous groups. Sometimes, the Native Title and non-indigenous laws behaves like two-tier systems, which recognises single national, geographical and jurisdictional environment in the application of Australian law. Thus, the Native Title is a customary law recognised by all Australians as customary Aboriginal law. In order to be effective, indigenous people’s rights and interests must depend on traditional customs and laws whose foundation rests on the group’s collective responsibility. The Native Title submits to individual or collective rights. Since 1992, Australian law identifies all interests and rights held by indigenous population. In particular, the Native Title became a custom will and at the same time, traditional law in order to bring equality and justice before the law. There are numerous rights, privileges and civil liberties gained because of enacting the native title into Australian law. Previously, these privileges consummating into rights did not exist. However, the native title awakened the dissemination of various time-honoured laws and customs, brought forth an idea of guarding and touring specific sceneries, ensured equality to all on the side of owning land, allowed accessibility to restricted areas so that, people can exploit traditional ritual and ceremonies. The Title gave all Australian citizens the right to own and occupy land albeit controlled places. (Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 12-21). Mabo versus Queensland (1992) In 1990s, the Australian parliament made a move to negotiate a treaty with indigenous people who had suffered because of terra nullius. Although indigenous people in Australia did not have a representative in parliament, the feasibility of the matter said a l ot. The realignment of indigenous population in Australia preconditioned equality, which many Australian viewed as a political dispensation between people hence, social cohesion in Australia. Indeed, the influx of the Native Title in 1990 marked a step towards Australian legal equality. In the High Court of Australia, Mabo case challenged Australian authority whether; all-inclusive negotiations were paramount in overthrowing terra nullius in order to embrace indigenous governance recognised under Australian law. Most importantly, comprehensive negotiations had reached a sorry state both in practice and in principle. Verily, the Mabo case exuded legal injunctions other than property ownership in Australia. This is because; the Aboriginal population as an indigenous group, exercised an excellent internal jurisdiction, which defined individual rights and freedoms. Furthermore, the Native Title recognised any group that had internal traditional laws and customs jurisdiction. Such a grou p had the right to enter biding with the government over its indigenous resources and territory. (Jupp Nieuwenhuysen, 2007 p. 65). The Genesis of Equality in Australian Law In 1992, Australia entered a new era where equality dooms. In particular, the High Court of Australia brought some light in Australian law. The Meriam people had gone to court in order to secure rights of owning land in the Islands of Torres Strait. Luckily, the common law in Australia recognised such cases to receive hearing under the Native Title, which composed of traditional laws and customs. As a result, the Aboriginals lost land, language and left homeless. Interestingly, the federal government of Australia continued these policies, which undermined Aboriginal people. In the event, the High Court discarded the British impression of terra nullius (a situation where land does not belong to anybody). This notion had created inequality in large scale as the Australian citizenry except indigenous populace owned land. Therefore, the outcome of Mabo case gave individuals, righty to own property. Basing its argument on Native Title, the High Court declared that, individuals or communities could own land according to traditional laws and customs. This was to happen irrespective of inequitable laws created by Crown. Additionally, the High Court declared that, individuals and communities had the right to not only access and use land, but also possess it legally. (Department of Foreign Affairs, 2010, Para. 4-11). The law did bring equality replacing past injustices in Australian law. For example, the Mabo case highlighted two themes. The first one is, colonial boundaries preventing people from owning land, were a perjury to Aboriginal people. Secondly, terra nullius being a colonial sentiment is itself inequality and its abolition meant equality and new principals guiding land ownership in Australia. The law brought justice in land ownership. The federal government’s land tenure system to the aboriginal people seemed part of segregation. However, the advent of native title ensured the aboriginal people own land in Australia. Colonial masters and hence the federal government, caused material injury to Aboriginal people. In addition, they lost traditional rights, language and forced out of land. The law brought equality in that, like other Australian citizens, the Court ruled on their side to receive traditional rights. Moreover, in terms of economic gains, the Aboriginal people like indigenous Australians, participated in income generating activities like mining and doing business. On the other hand, the federal government sent money to remote areas to undertake communal projects. In the past, racism, social amenities, education, employment and housing were invisible truths among Aboriginal people. The law brought equality through mainstreaming where; the federal government adhered to Aboriginal policy and completed various programs for the benefit of the Aboriginal people. Socio-economically, the Aboriginals are almost at the same level with other indigenous Australians. Equality in the Context of Native Title The Native Title did bring equality in Australian legal equality. The fundamental rights and interests gained from the Native Title root from traditional laws and customs initially, destroyed by British sovereignty. In addition, Native Title rights do not resemble government rights like Aboriginal Land Rights Act of 1976 (Northern Territory), or any other statutory land rights. Nonetheless, the Native Title rights extend its rights and interests even to water bodies, a scenario not exhibited under government laws. By this, the Native Title establishes just land acquisition in tandem with traditional laws and customs. The parliamentary legislation of 1993, Native Title Act, reaffirmed the recognition of native title, as the foundation of egalitarianism and justice. Native Title applies heavily in the legal system of Australia to promote e quality. For example, customary law recognises traditional laws and customs, which sire rights and interests of certain indigenous Australians. Additionally, the Native Title ensures that, communities and individuals own access land and water notwithstanding, traditional laws and customs. The fact that, the legal system in Australia recognises native title under customary law is a step towards equality and justice before law. This means, individuals or communities denied land either from dubious operations like terra nullius; can contest in a court of law to secure such rights. As a calculated move towards equality, it is the Native Title Act, which determines the groups or communities to receive rights and interests. Nevertheless, this must be in a case where, the native title holds. Additionally, the Act provides a policy framework on how Australian law deals with future activities flout with the native title. In a situation where the law finds native title prejudiced, compensatio n follows immediately. In essence, the native title brings equality in Australian law through fair hearings and compensations if any. (Stephenson Ratnapala, 1993, pp. 13-58). Unlike Australian law, the native title bestows native title rights and interests to indigenous Australians or any person or group that had made claim in a court of law. Grippingly, rather than authoritarianism, the native title allows consultation between all stakeholders in order to have a common solution to a certain problem. For example, through the native title and Australian law, indigenous Australians have effectively negotiated communal land benefits according to their traditional customs and laws. Moreover, the once segregated indigenous population can now access opportunities like employment and birthright fortification, courtesy of the native title. Previously, the government did not recognise land bodies and title certificated held by indigenous people. Consequently, the Native Title Act required pr ofessional land bodies whose main role will be, to ensure equality to all claimants. Overall, some clauses in the native title gave power to the Native Title Tribunal, native title representative bodies and the Australian Federal Court to solve all contentious issues arising from the native title. (Bachelard, 1997. pp. 8-34). Many at times, the government receives blame for its laxity in educating people to understand the Native Title Act. Majority of Australians seem not to understand what Native Title Act means to them. There might be some Australians having land issues but do not know how to solve them yet, the Act allows mutual discussions leading to an amicable solution. Nevertheless, for those who have gained familiarity of the Native Title Act, land interests and reparations are not serious issues to trouble. Even as Australians become acquainted with the provisions of the Native Title Act, it is now clear that, more volunteer Indigenous Land Use Agreements will take preceden t and create a consensual fortitude of dealing with issues arising from native title so that, equality prevails in Australian law. (Yunupingu, 1997, pp. 54- 73). Conclusion Traditional laws and customs were the contentious issue leading to the Mabo case (No.2). These laws and customs formed an Aboriginal perspective different from the normal jurisprudential Australian law concepts. According to Aboriginals, Australian law had to incorporate traditional values, practices, beliefs and rules in form of an ‘aboriginal culture’. The British colonisers brought a lie called terra nullius, which led to erosion of ‘aboriginal culture’. For over two hundred years (1788-1992), the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders owned nothing and lost rights to possess. Captivatingly, since then, Australians lost understanding on traditional laws and customs, which were paramount among indigenous Australian population. In the wake of realisation, indigenous Australians d ecided to fight for their rights and interests. Originally, Australian was a judge-made common law nation; law concept left by British colonisers. Nevertheless, after years of political movement and legal battling, terra nullius laws became invalid. On the other hand, the Native Title Act of 1993 by Australian parliament brought justice and equality to all Australians. Today, million of Australians own property and access rights to acquire, use and occupy land. This is so because; the native title brought equality into Australian common law. References Bachelard, M., 1997.The Great Land Grab: What every Australian should know  about Wik, Mabo and the Ten-point Plan. Melbourne: Hyland House Books. Berndt, M., 1992. The World of the First Australians, Aboriginal Traditional Life:  Past and Present. 5th Ed. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Bird, G., 1988. The Process of Law in Australia: Intercultural Perspective’s. London: Butterworth Publishers. Department of Foreign Af fairs and Trade, 2010. Indigenous land rights and native title. Web. Fry, T., 1947. Land Tenures in Australian Law. 3 Res Judicatae, 156-168. Gary, F., 1997. Native Title is not Land Rights. Web. Jupp, J. Nieuwenhuysen, E., 2007. Social Cohesion in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. National Native Title Tribunal., 2010. History of Native Title. Web. Stephenson, M. Ratnapala S., 1993. Mabo: A Judicial Revolution. Aboriginal  Land Rights Decision and its impact on Australian Law. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. Yunupingu, G., 1997. Our Land is Our Life: Land Rights – Past, Present and Future.  Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.

Example Sentences of the Verb Break

Example Sentences of the Verb Break This page provides example sentences of the verb break in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form break / Past Simple broke / Past Participle broken / Gerund breaking Present Simple Some glass breaks easily. Present Simple Passive This toy is often broken by children. Present Continuous He is breaking into his new job well. Present Continuous Passive The house is being broken into! Call the police! Present Perfect He has broken a number of records in his field. Present Perfect Passive That vase has been broken more than four times. Present Perfect Continuous Mary has been breaking open eggs for more than twenty minutes. Past Simple Jack broke that computer last week. Past Simple Passive That computer was broken last week. Past Continuous She was breaking open the champagne as I walked into the room. Past Continuous Passive The champagne was being broken open as I walked into the room. Past Perfect They had already broken into the house when the occupants arrived. Past Perfect Passive The house had already been broken into when the occupants arrived. Past Perfect Continuous She had been breaking open the eggs for twenty minutes before she began making the cake. Future (will) I think he will break that toy. Future (will) Passive That toy will be broken soon! Future (going to) She is going to break that dish! Be Careful! Future (going to) Passive That dish is going to be broken soon. Future Continuous I will be breaking into a new job this time next week. Future Perfect Your vows will have been broken by the time you read this letter. Future Possibility You might break that glass. Real Conditional If you do that, youll break the toy. Unreal Conditional If she broke the vase, her mother would be very angry. Past Unreal Conditional If she hadnt broken that vase, her mother wouldnt have become so angry. Present Modal You must break this glass to get the fire extinguisher. Past Modal Jack must have broken this vase. Hes so clumsy. Quiz: Conjugate With Break Use the verb to break to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Mary _____ open eggs for more than twenty minutes.That computer ______ by Tom last week.I think he _____ that toy.She _____ open the champagne as I walked into the room.He _____ a number of records in his field.The house _____ into! Call the police!If you do that, you _____ the toy.If she _____ that vase, her mother wouldnt have become so angry.Jack _____ that computer last week.Some glass _____ easily. Quiz Answers has been breakingwas brokenwill breakwas breakinghas brokenis being brokenwill breakhadnt brokenbrokebreaks

Topic below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topic below - Essay Example In the words of Joyce Carol Oates as quoted by Ronald Sharp:† Everyone knows about love. Romantic love, married love, adulterous love: happy love affairs, unhappy ones. Everyone knows about love, no one knows about friendship†. (1) It is interesting to note that loneliness being one of the hallmarks of modern living, many modern great writers and photospheres have not given serious thought to friendship in their writings. Why is friendship such unimportant subject in modern fiction, poetry and essay? Recent writing has largely ignored friendship. In contrast classical writers engaged in open discussion on the subject of friendship and made subtle distinctions on the varieties available and treated also the opposite of friendship, namely enmity, in their writings. Montaigne makes a clear distinction between friendships. In his thinking there are levels of friendships. He uses the technique of contrast to present sharply his idea of true friendship. There are imperfect friendships, which he calls â€Å"fellowships†. Borrowing an image from painting Montaigne labors at length to project the true beauty of friendship, which stands clearly demarked among images of the â€Å"grotesque†. Montaignes famous essay "On Friendship" (1580) is a true source book on the idea of friendship. The essay cites Aristotle, Cicero, Horace, Catullus, and Plutarch. Though the essay concerns about his friendship with a young Huguenot, Estienne de la Boetie, the essay is surprising in its modernity, especially its relevance to contemporary moral issues. Is the argument of Montaigne on friendship in essential accord with Aristotle, or is there something new? According to Aristotle the highest act of friendship is not just the friends themselves, but in their direct relation to truth. We are quick to notice the similarity between the thinking of Aristotle and that of Montaigne.But this similarity we feel is somewhat deceptive. While Montaigne gives the name of